This report considers market developments and financial stability implications from the provision of financial services by BigTech firms in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs).
The report finds that the expansion of BigTech firms in financial services in EMDEs has generally been more rapid and broad-based than that in advanced economies. Lower levels of financial inclusion in EMDEs create a source of demand for BigTech firms’ services, particularly amongst low-income populations and in rural areas where populations are under-served by traditional financial institutions. The supply of financial services by BigTech firms in EMDEs has been supported by the increasing availability of mobile phones and internet access. Such technology – along with the data it generates and the flow of such data across borders – allows these firms to reach customers who were previously under-served, for example due to their lack of credit history. BigTech firms also make lending decisions based on novel sources of customer data, including from their core technology businesses.
The expansion of BigTech firms in EMDEs has had benefits but can also give rise to risks and vulnerabilities. It has also given rise to financial services that can be cheaper, more convenient, and tailored to users’ needs, thereby offering opportunities to improve consumer welfare and support financial stability. However the expansion of BigTech activity also gives rise to risks and vulnerabilities. Risks concerning consumer protection may also be larger in the case of EMDEs, particularly where customers have lower financial literacy, and when BigTech firms’ make greater use of personal data (including that acquired from their non-financial business). Where BigTech firms are the principal or even sole providers of financial services to some EMDE populations, they may be particularly prone to dominating the market for such services. They may also be subject to heightened operational risks, particularly in environments with weaker communications and financial infrastructure. Competition from BigTech firms may, in places, also reduce the profitability and resilience of incumbent financial institutions and lead to greater risk-taking.
The experience of some EMDEs demonstrates the positive role that strong regulation, supervision and other official-sector policy can play in supporting innovation in financial services and mitigating risks. Governments in some EMDEs have also driven the development of financial infrastructures and digital identity. In doing so, they have facilitated the growth of financial technology, including that employed by BigTech firms.
Risks to financial stability identified by survey respondents associated with BigTech firms’ provision of financial services: Risks rated moderate/large as a percentage of survey respondents
The experience of EMDEs also underscores the need to apply the principle of ‘same risk – same regulation’ with respect to BigTech firms’ activities, whilst tailoring regulatory frameworks to reflect the relative size and scope of those firms’ activities. Financial authorities may also usefully contribute to the development of robust public policy and frameworks with respect to data governance, consumer protection and operational risk management.